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Samara was founded in 1586 after the enactment of Russian czar Feodor Ioannovich as a "ostrogue" (the fortress for the guarding of river ways). The founders of Samara were voevoda (the military commander of the city) Zaseckin and streleckiy's golova (the head of 100 professional soldiers) Elchaninov and Streshnev. Voevoda was a officer in charge of any Russian fortresses or town till 1775. The main issue for them was negative activity of the Volga nomads. The first place for the Samara fortress was found on the right bank of the river Samarka which is a tributary of the Volga.

Later the area of the town increased to the left bank of the Volga. As early as 1606 Samara had customs service and a port on the river Volga. Customs service was used against criminals who organized their camps near Samara. Also customs service took part in the relations between Russian government and the Volga residents. Stepan Razin burnt down the town in 1670 because he had organized a great criminal band from Cossacks, peasants and marginals for fighting against czarist government. Samara's voevoda Alpfimov was drowned by Razin's criminals. Later Razin was executed in Moscow. Since 1688 Samara has been a town. Soldiers and officials lived there. They constituted the majority of inhabitants of the town. The minority of merchants and craftsmen has increased only since 1688.

The big fire burnt down Samara in 1703 because it was a wooden town. After the enactment of the Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1708 Kazan gubernia was organized like an American state only without its own legal system. Between 1708 and 1719 Samara belonged to Kazan gubernia. Between 1719 and 1745 Samara belonged to Astrakhan gubernia. That period was characterized by building of some fortresses around Samara. Between 1745 and 1773 Samara again belonged to Kazan gubernia.

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